but the old form [ kad ] is found in the Veda (see Lit. Gram. 227) ; ( ( cf. Zd. (ka) , (kô) , (kA7) , (kat) ; Gk. 1 , 2 , (Ion. 3 , 4 ,) 5 , 6 ; Lat. (quis) , (quid) ; Lith. (kas) [ ká ] ; Goth. (hvas) , (hvô) , (hva) , Angl.Sax. (hwā) , (hwaet) ; Eng. (who) , (what) . ) ) The interrogative sentence introduced by [ ka ] is often terminated by [ iti ] (e.g. [ kasya sa putra iti kathyatām ] , let it be said , " whose son is he? " ) , but [ iti ] may be omitted and the sentence lose its direct interrogative character (e.g. [ kasya sa putro na jñāyate ] , it is not known whose son he is) . [ ka ] with or without √ 1. [ as ] may express " how is it possible that? " " what power have I , you , they , ? " (e.g. [ ke mama dhanvino'nye ] , what can the other archers do against me? [ ke āvām paritrātum ] , what power have we to rescue you?) [ ka ] is often connected with a demonstrative pron. (e.g. [ ko 'yam āyāti ] , who comes here?) or with the potential (e.g. [ ko hariṃ nindet ] , who will blame Hari?) [ ka ] is sometimes repeated (e.g. [ kaḥ ko 'tra ] , who is there? [ kān kān ] , whom? whom? i.e. which of them? cf. Gram. 54) , and the repetition is often due to a kind of attraction (e.g. [ keṣāṃ kiṃ śāstram adhyayanīyam ] , which book is to be read by whom? Gram. 836. [ a ] ) . When [ kim ] is connected with the inst. c. of a noun or with the indecl. participle it may express " what is gained by doing so , ? " (= [ ko'rthas ] ) ( 240,2 )

(e.g. [ kiṃ vilambena ] , what is gained by delay? [ kim bahunā ] , what is the use of more words? [ dhanena kiṃ yo na dadāti ] , what is the use of wealth to him who does not give? with inst. and gen. , [ nīrujaḥ kim auṣadhaiḥ ] , what is the use of medicine to the healthy?) [ ka ] is often followed by the particles [ iva ] , [ u ] , [ nāma ] , [ nu ] , [ vā ] , [ svid ] , some of which serve merely to generalize the interrogation (e.g. [ kim iva etad ] , what can this be? [ ka u śravat ] , who can possibly hear? [ ko nāma jānāti ] , who indeed knows? [ ko nv ayam ] , who , pray , is this? [ kiṃ nu kāryam ] , what is to be done? [ ko vā devād anyaḥ ] , who possibly other than a god? [ kasya svid hṛdayaṃ nāsti ] , of what person is there no heart?) [ ka ] is occasionally used alone as an indefinite pronoun , especially in negative sentences (e.g. [ na kasya ko vallabhaḥ ] , no one is a favourite of any one ; [ nānyo jānāti kaḥ ] , no one else knows ; [ kathaṃ sa ghātayati kam ] , how does he kill any one?) Generally , however , [ ka ] is only made indefinite when connected with the particles [ ca ] , [ caná ] , [ cid ] , [ vā ] , and [ ápi ] , in which case [ ka ] may sometimes be preceded by the relative [ ya ] (e.g. [ ye ke ca ] , any persons whatsoever ; [ yasyai kasyai ca devatāyai ] , to any deity whatsoever ; [ yāni kāni ca mitrāṇi ] , any friends whatsoever ; [ yat kiṃca ] , whatever) . The particle [ cana ] , being composed of [ ca ] and [ na ] , properly gives a negative force to the pronoun (e.g. [ yasmād indrād ṛte kiṃcana ] , without which Indra there is nothing) , but the negative sense is generally dropped (e.g. [ kaścana ] , any one ; [ na kaścana ] , no one) , and a relative is sometimes connected with it (e.g. [ yat kiṃcana ] , anything whatsoever) . Examples of [ cid ] with the interrogative are common

[ vā ] and [ api ] are not so common , but the latter is often found in classical Sanskṛit (e.g. [ kaścid ] , any one ; [ kecid ] , some ; [ na kaścid ] , no one ; [ na kiṃcid api ] , nothing whatsoever ; [ yaḥ kaścid ] , any one whatsoever ; [ kecit ] - [ kecit ] , some - others ; [ yasmin kasmin vā deśe ] , in any country whatsoever ; [ na ko 'pi ] , no one ; [ na kimapi ] , nothing whatever) . [ ka ] may sometimes be used , like 2. [ kad ] , at the beginning of a compound. see [ ka-pūya ] ,

of Brahman Lit. MBh. i , 32 Lit. BhP. iii , 12 , 51 ; xii , 13 , 19 ; 20

of Daksha Lit. BhP. ix , 10 , 10

of Vishṇu Lit. L.

of Yama Lit. L.

of Garuḍa

the soul Lit. Tattvas.

a particular comet Lit. VarBṛS.

the sun Lit. L.

fire Lit. L.

splendour , light Lit. L.

air Lit. L.

a peacock Lit. L.

the body Lit. L.

time Lit. L.

wealth Lit. L.

sound Lit. L.

a king Lit. L.

= [ kāma-granthi ] (?)

n. happiness , joy , pleasure Lit. ChUp. iv , 10 , 5 Lit. Nir.

water Lit. MaitrS. i , 10 , 10 Lit. ŚBr. x Lit. Yājñ.

the head

hair , a head of hair Lit. L.

n. ( also regarded as ind. ; cf. 1. [ kam ] .)

   n. a lotus Lit. AgP.

  कजासन [ kajāsana ] [ ká-jāsana ] m. " sitting on a lotus " , N. of Brahmā Lit. Hcat.

( a noun ending in [ as ] followed by [ kaṃsa ] in a compound does not change its final cf. [ ayas-kaṃsa ] , Lit. Pāṇ. 8- , 3 , 46)

a particular measure (= two Āḍhakas Lit. Car. ; = one Āḍhaka Lit. L.)

a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal

m. N. of a king of Mathurā (son of Ugra-sena and cousin of the Devakī who was mother of Kṛishṇa ( Ugra-sena being brother of Devaka , who was father of Devakī ) ; he is usually called the uncle , but was really a cousin of Kṛishṇa , and became his implacable enemy because it had been prophesied to Kaṃsa that he would be killed by a child of Devakī ; as the foe of the deity he is identified with the Asura Kālanemi ; and , as he was ultimately slain by Kṛishṇa , the latter receives epithets like [ kaṃsa-jit ] , conqueror of Kaṃsa , ) Lit. MBh. Lit. VP. Lit. BhP.

N. of a place g. [ takṣaśilādi ] Lit. Pāṇ. 4-3 , 93

   N. of a king Lit. Kshitîś.

  n. a kind of unguent applied to the eyes Lit. L.

  n. bell-metal.

N. of a king Lit. L.

accord. to some [ kakárdave ] is w.r. for [ kapardavé ] = [ kapardiné ] .

the back of the neck Lit. T. ( cf. [ kṛkāṭikā ] .)

chief , head Lit. RV. viii , 44 , 16 Lit. AV. vi , 86 , 3 Lit. TS. Lit. ŚBr.

any projecting corner or projection (as of a plough) Lit. BhP. v , 25 , 7

the hump on the shoulders of the Indian bullock Lit. AV. Lit. TS. Lit. BhP.

the hump (of a man) Lit. Kathās.

N. of a metre (= [ kakúbh ] ) Lit. TS.

an ensign or symbol of royalty (as the white parasol )

N. of a daughter of Daksha and wife of Dharma

( cf. [ tri-kakud ] , [ sthūla-kakud ] , , where the form [ kakud ] is said to be substituted for [ kákuda ] below Lit. Pāṇ. 5-4 , 146 ; 147.)

   m. a mountain Lit. Ragh. xiii , 47

   a bullock with a hump on his shoulders Lit. Kum. i , 57

   N. of a medicinal plant Lit. L.

  ककुद्मती [ kakudmatī ] [ kakúd-matī ] f. the hip and loins Lit. L.

   N. of a metre

   N. of the wife of Pradyumna Lit. VP.

   ( Lit. RV.) n. a region of the sky, Lit. Śiś.

    N. of Revatī (wife of Bala-rāma) Lit. Śiś. ii , 20.

   m. a mountain Lit. L.

   a bullock with a hump on his shoulders Lit. BhP.

   N. of Vishṇu Lit. Hariv.

   of a king of the Ānartas Lit. Hariv. 644 Lit. BhP. ix , 3 , 29 Lit. VP.

  ककुद्मिनी [ kakudminī ] [ kakúd-minī ] f. N. of a river Lit. PadmaP.

   m. ( [ ān ] ) a bullock with a hump on his shoulders Lit. R.

  ककुद्वती [ kakudvatī ] [ kakúd-vatī ] f. N. of the wife of Pradyumna (v.l. [ kakudmatī ] ) Lit. VP.

  chief , head , pre-eminent Lit. AV. x , 10 , 19 Lit. ŚBr. Lit. Ragh.

  the hump on the shoulders of the Indian bullock Lit. MBh.

  a species of serpent Lit. Suśr.

  an ensign or symbol of royalty (as the white parasol ) Lit. Ragh.

  m. N. of a king Lit. VP.

   ( Lit. TS.) n. a region of the sky, Lit. Śiś.

space , region or quarter of the heavens Lit. BhP. Lit. Mṛicch. Lit. Kathās.

N. of a metre of three Pādas (consisting of eight , twelve , and eight syllables respectively ; so called because the second Pāda exceeds the others by four syllables) Lit. RPrāt. 889 Lit. AV. xiii , 1 , 15 Lit. VS. Lit. ŚBr.

unornamented hair or the hair hanging down like a tail Lit. L.

a wreath of Campaka flowers Lit. L.

splendour , beauty Lit. L.

a Śāstra or science Lit. L.

a Rāgiṇī or mode of music Lit. L.

N. of a daughter of Daksha and wife of Dharma (as a personified quarter of the sky) Lit. BhP.

   ( Lit. MaitrS.) n. a region of the sky, Lit. Śiś.

  m. a kind of evil spirit Lit. AV. viii , 6 , 10

  a kind of bird Lit. Svapnac.

  the tree Terminalia Arjuna Lit. MBh. Lit. Suśr.

  a part of the Indian lute called the belly (a wooden vessel covered with leather placed under its neck to render the sound deeper , or a crooked piece of wood at the end of the lute) Lit. L.

  (in mus.) a particular Rāga or mode

  a kind of disease Lit. L.

  N. of a man g. [ tika-kitavādi ] Lit. Pāṇ. 2-4 , 68

  of a mountain Lit. BhP.

 ककुभा [ kakubhā ] [ kakubhā ] f. space , region Lit. L.

  m. (in mus.) a particular Rāgiṇī

  n. the flower of Terminalia Arjuna Lit. Kāvyâd.

  accord. to some also m. "a horse of the Aśvins" , Lit. RV. i, 184, 3.

कक्कोली [ kakkolī ] [ kakkolī ] f. id. Lit. Pañcad.

n. a perfume prepared from the berries of this plant Lit. Suśr.

कक्खटी [ kakkhaṭī ] [ kakkhaṭī ] f. chalk Lit. L.

a wood , large wood (?) Lit. RV. vi , 45 , 31

a forest of dead trees , a dry wood , underwood (often the lair of wild beasts) Lit. VS. Lit. TS. Lit. TāṇḍyaBr. Lit. Mn.

an inner recess , the interior of a forest

grass , dry grass

a spreading creeper , climbing plant Lit. L.

side or flank Lit. L.

sin Lit. L.

a gate Lit. W.

a buffalo Lit. L.

Terminalia Bellerica Lit. W.

mf. the armpit (as the most concealed part of the human body) , region of the girth Lit. AV. vi , 127 , 2 Lit. Suśr. Lit. Mṛicch. ; ( ( cf. Lat. (coxa) , " hip " ; O. H. G. (hahsa) ; Zd. (kasha) ; cf. Sk. (kaccha) ) )

a girdle , zone , belt , girth Lit. MBh. Lit. BhP.

the end of the lower garment (which , after the cloth is carried round the body , is brought up behind and tucked into the waistband)

hem , border , lace Lit. BhP. ix , 10 , 37

the scale of a balance Lit. Kāvyâd. Lit. Vcar.

कक्षा [ kakṣā ] [ kákṣā ] f. painful boils in the armpit Lit. Suśr.

mf. a surrounding wall , a wall , any place surrounded by walls (as a court-yard , a secluded portion of a building , a private chamber or room in general) Lit. MBh. Lit. BhP. Lit. Mn.

the orbit of a planet Lit. VarBṛS. Lit. Sūryas.

the periphery , circumference Lit. Sūryas. xii , 65

balance , equality , similarity , resemblance Lit. MBh. xii , 7269 Lit. VarBṛS. 26 , 6

emulation , rivalry , object of emulation Lit. Naish.

the jeweller's weight called Retti Lit. L.

objection or reply in argument Lit. L.

a particular part of a carriage Lit. L.

m. pl. N. of a people Lit. MBh. Lit. VP.

   N. of wk. on magic.

   keeper of a royal garden , door-keeper Lit. L.

   a poet Lit. L.

   a debauchee Lit. L.

   a player , painter Lit. L.

   warmth of feeling , strength of sentiment Lit. W.

  m. pl. ( [ antas ] ) the descendants of Kakshīvat Lit. RV. i , 126 , 4.

  ( [ kakṣyá ] , fr. [ kakṣyā́ ] ) , filling out the girth , well fed ( ( Lit. Sāy. ) ) Lit. RV. v , 44 , 11

 कक्ष्या [ kakṣyā ] [ kakṣyā́ ] f. girth (of an animal) , girdle , zone Lit. RV. Lit. AV. viii , 4 , 6 ; xviii , 1 , 15 Lit. MBh. ( cf. [ baddha-kakṣya ] )

  the enclosure of an edifice (either the wall so enclosing it , or the court or chamber constituting the enclosure , the inner apartment of a palace) Lit. MBh. Lit. R.

  the orbit of a planet Lit. Āryabh.

  the scale of a balance Lit. Pat.

  an upper garment Lit. L.

  similarity , equality Lit. L.

  effort , exertion Lit. L.

  a shrub yielding the black and red berry (that serves as a jeweller's weight) , the Retti or Guñja , Abrus Precatorius Lit. L.

  f. pl. the fingers Lit. Nigh.

  n. the scale of a balance Comm. on Lit. Yājñ.

  a part of a carriage Lit. R.

  a girdle , girth.

   m. ( [ ān ] ) = [ kakṣīvat ] Lit. Kāś. on Lit. Pāṇ. 8-2 , 12.

a kind of mango Lit. L.

N. of Yama Lit. L.

of several men Lit. MBh. Lit. Hariv. Lit. BhP.

a N. assumed by Yudhishṭhira (before king Virāṭa , when in the disguise of a Brāhman) Lit. MBh. iv

a false or pretended Brāhman Lit. L.

a man of the second or military tribe Lit. L.

one of the eighteen divisions of the continent Lit. W.

m. pl. N. of a people Lit. MBh. Lit. BhP. Lit. VarBṛS.

कङ्का [ kaṅkā ] [ kaṅkā ] f. a kind of sandal Lit. L.

the scent of the lotus Lit. L.

f ( [ ā ] and [ ī ] ) . N. of a daughter of Ugrasena (and sister of Kaṅka) Lit. BhP. Lit. VP.

   mfn. furnished with the feathers of a heron (as an arrow) Lit. MBh.

   m. an arrow furnished with heron's feathers.

an iron hook (to goad an elephant) Lit. L.

boundary , limit

m. pl. N. of a people Lit. VarBṛ.

  m. a chamberlain Lit. Hcar. 121 , 24.

a band or ribbon (tied round the wrist of a bride or bridegroom before marriage) Lit. Mcar.

an annual weapon Lit. MBh.

an ornament round the feet of an elephant Lit. MBh. iii , 15757

any ornament or trinket

a crest

a drop of water, Lit. Dharmaś.

m. N. of a teacher

कङ्कणा [ kaṅkaṇā ] [ kaṅkaṇā ] f. N. of one of the mothers in the retinue of Skanda Lit. MBh. ix , 2634

कङ्कणी [ kaṅkaṇī ] [ kaṅkaṇī ] f. an ornament furnished with bells Lit. L. ( cf. [ kakṣā ] ; [ kiṅkiṇī ] .)

N. of a poet, Lit. Cat.

  कङ्कणधरा [ kaṅkaṇadharā ] [ kaṅkaṇa-dharā ] f. a bride Lit. ib.

   N. of a king Lit. Rājat.

 कङ्कणीका [ kaṅkaṇīkā ] [ kaṅkaṇīkā ] f. an ornament furnished with bells Lit. L.

  a string tied round the wrist Lit. L.

a slightly venomous animal ( ( Lit. Sāy. ) ) Lit. RV. i , 191 , 1

N. of a teacher

कङ्कती [ kaṅkatī ] [ káṅkatī ] f. Sida Rhombifolia.

  Sida Rhombifolia Lit. Bhpr.

n. buttermilk mixed with water Lit. L.

a particular high number Lit. Lalit.

m. a particular mode in music.

  N. of an author.

 कङ्कालिनी [ kaṅkālinī ] [ kaṅkālinī ] f. N. of a form of Durgā Lit. Kathās. lxxviii , 92.

N. of a son of Ugra-sena ( erroneous for [ kaṅka ] ) .

N. of a Nāga Lit. RāmatUp.

of an author

n. cubeb Lit. Bhpr.

  = [ kaṅgu ] Lit. L.

  a cicatrix , a dry sore , scar Lit. L.

  a band , the hem of a garment Lit. L.

  a cloud Lit. L.

  N. of a son of Bṛihaspati Lit. MBh. Lit. BhP. Lit. Rājat.

  N. of a place

 कचा [ kacā ] [ kacā ] f. a female elephant Lit. L.

  beauty , brilliancy Lit. L. ( cf. [ a-kaca ] , [ ut-kaca ] , )

   a leaf Lit. W.

   n. a vessel for vegetables Lit. L.

a free market (a place of sale paying no duty or custom) Lit. L.

N. of a region.

difficult to be borne , intolerable , difficult to be approached Lit. L.

m. a snake Lit. L.

vile , wicked , bad Lit. L.

n. buttermilk diluted with water ( cf. [ kaṅkara ] , [ kaṭura ] , )

a mound or causeway

watery soil , marshy ground , marsh , morass Lit. MBh. Lit. Megh. Lit. Pañcat.

N. of several places e.g. Cutch Lit. Pāṇ. Lit. VarBṛS.

Cedrela Toona (the timber of which is used for making furniture ) Lit. L.

Hibiscus Populneoides Lit. L.

a particular part of a tortoise Lit. L.

a particular part of a boat Lit. L.

m. pl. N. of a people (v.l. for [ kakṣa ] ) Lit. VP.

mf. the hem or end of a lower garment (tucked into the girdle or waistband) Lit. L. , ( probably a Prākṛit form for [ kakṣa ] )

कच्छा [ kacchā ] [ kacchā ] f. a cricket Lit. L.

mf. N. of a plant Lit. L.

girdle , girth (v.l. for [ kakṣā ] ) Lit. Nīlak. on Lit. MBh. (ed. Bomb.) iv , 13 , 22.

   a tumour on the palate Lit. Suśr. i , 306 , 8

   an apparatus used in the distillation of spirituous liquor , a flat kind of still Lit. L.

   an attitude in wrestling Lit. L.

   Cedrela Toona Lit. L.

   one of the nine treasures of Kuvera Lit. L.

   N. of a Nāga Lit. MBh.

   of a son of Viśvā-mitra Lit. Hariv.

   of a country Lit. Kathās.

  कच्छपी [ kacchapī ] [ kaccha-pī ] f. a female tortoise or a kind of small tortoise Lit. L.

   a cutaneous disease , wart , blotch Lit. Suśr.

   a kind of lute ( so named from being similar in shape to the tortoise ; cf. [ testudo ] )

  कच्छपिका [ kacchapikā ] [ kaccha-pikā ] f. a kind of small tortoise

   a pimple , blotch , wart Lit. Suśr.

   a wart accompanying gonorrhoea Lit. W.

a species of plant Lit. L.

  कच्छुघ्नी [ kacchughnī ] [ kacchu-ghnī ] f. a species of Hapushā ( q.v.) Lit. L.

  unchaste , libidinous

  mn. a species of turmeric Lit. L.

 कच्छुरा [ kacchurā ] [ kacchurā ] f. Alhagi Maurorum Lit. Suśr.

  mn. Carpopogon Pruriens Lit. L.

  a species of turmeric Lit. L.

f ( [ ā ] , [ ī ] ) . a species of fish Lit. L.

कज्जली [ kajjalī ] [ kajjalī ] f. Aethiops Mineralis Lit. L.

ink Lit. L.

n. lampblack (used as a collyrium and applied to the eyelashes or eyelids medicinally or as an ornament)

sulphuret of lead or antimony (similarly used) Lit. Suśr. Lit. Kathās.

(fig.) dregs Lit. BhP. vi , 2 , 27.

  blackened , soiled Lit. Hcar.

= [ arkavṛkṣa ] Lit. T.

the branch of a bamboo Lit. L.

a cuirass , corselet , bodice , jacket Lit. BhP. Lit. Ratnāv. Lit. Kathās. ( 243,1 )

m. the skin of a snake Lit. Pañcat.

husk , shell Lit. Bhpr.

cover , cloth , envelope Lit. Bhpr.

(fig.) a cover , disguise Lit. Hcat.

= [ karabha ] Lit. L.

कञ्चुकी [ kañcukī ] [ kañcukī ] f. Lipeocercis Serrata Lit. L.

  (ifc.) covered with , wrapped up in Lit. Bhartṛ.

  m. an attendant or overseer of the women's apartments , a chamberlain Lit. Śak. Lit. Vikr. Lit. Pañcat.

  a libidinous man , a debauchee Lit. L.

  a snake Lit. L.

  N. of several plants (Agallochum , barley , Cicer Arietinum , Lipeocercis Serrata) Lit. L.

 कञ्चुली [ kañculī ] [ kañculī ] f. a bodice , jacket Lit. L.

" produced from water " , N. of Brahmā Lit. L.

n. a lotus Lit. R. Lit. BhP.

Amṛita , the food of the gods Lit. L.

  N. of Kāma , the god of love Lit. L.

an elephant

the sun

N. of Brahmā Lit. L.

  the belly

  an elephant

  a Muni , hermit

  the sun

  N. of Brahmā

  = [ vyañjana ] Lit. L.

  the hip Lit. MBh. ( cf. [ kaṭi ] )

  the hollow above the hip or the loins , the hip and loins

  the temples of an elephant Lit. Ragh.

  a glance or side look Lit. BhP. x , 32 , 6 ( cf. [ kaṭākṣa ] )

  a throw of the dice in hazard Lit. Mṛicch.

  a corpse Lit. L.

  a hearse or any vehicle for conveying a dead body Lit. L.

  a burning-ground or place of sepulture Lit. L.

  a time or season Lit. L.

  excess , superabundance Lit. L.

  ( [ kaṭa ] ifc. is considered as a suffix cf. [ ut-kaṭa ] , [ pra-kaṭa ] , )

  an annual plant Lit. L.

  grass Lit. L.

  Saccharum Sara Lit. L.

  a thin piece of wood , a plank Lit. L.

  agreement Lit. L.

  environs Lit. L.

  N. of a Rakshas Lit. R.

 कटी [ kaṭī ] [ káṭī ] f. long pepper Lit. L.

  n. (ifc.) dust of flowers (considered as a suffix Lit. Kāty. on Lit. Pāṇ. 5-2 , 29) .

   m. a jackal Lit. L.

   a crow Lit. L.

   a glass vessel , tumbler , bowl Lit. L.

   of Agni Lit. AgP.

   a player with dice , gambler Lit. L.

   N. of Śiva Lit. L.

   a Rakshas Lit. L.

   a Vidyā-dhara Lit. L.

   destruction of a prince , royal misfortune Lit. L.

   N. of several other plants Lit. L.

  कटंभरा [ kaṭaṃbharā ] [ káṭa-ṃ-bharā ] f. a female elephant Lit. L.

   red arsenic Lit. L.

   N. of several plants.

   Guilandina Bonducella Lit. L.

   an elephant's temples.

   straw placed round a criminal (according to Lit. Kull. the straw is wound round his neck and then kindled) Lit. Mn. viii , 377 Lit. Yājñ. ii , 282 Lit. MBh.

  mn. a string Lit. Kād.

  a bracelet of gold or shell Lit. Śak. Lit. Mṛicch.

  a zone

  the link of a chain

  a ring serving for a bridle-bit Lit. Suśr.

  a ring placed as ornament upon an elephant's tusk

  the side or ridge of a hill or mountain

  a valley , dale Lit. Ragh. Lit. Kathās. Lit. Hit.

  a royal camp Lit. Kathās. Lit. Hit.

  an army Lit. L.

  a circle , wheel Lit. W.

  a multitude , troop , caravan Lit. Daś.

  collection , compilation Lit. Kād. 40 , 11

  sea-salt Lit. L.

  N. of the capital of the Orissa (Cuttack)

 कटिका [ kaṭikā ] [ kaṭikā ] f. a straw mat Comm. on Lit. KātyŚr.

  an arrow Lit. L.

  a boiler , caldron , saucepan (of a semi-spheroidal shape and with handles) Lit. MBh. Lit. Suśr. Lit. Sūryas.

  a turtle's shell Lit. L.

  anything shaped like a caldron (as the temple of an elephant) Lit. Śiś. v , 37

  a well Lit. L.

  a winnowing basket Lit. W.

  a mound of earth

  hell , the infernal regions Lit. L.

  a cot Lit. L.

  a young female buffalo whose horns are just appearing Lit. L.

  N. of a Dvīpa Lit. Kathās.

  the entrance of a temple Lit. VarBṛS.

  an elephant's cheek Lit. L.

  long pepper Lit. L.

   armour for the hips or loins Comm. on Lit. Uṇ. iv , 172

   an ornament of small bells worn round the loins.

   the hip and loins or the hollow above the hip Lit. W.

   pleurisy Lit. Bhpr.

  f. the hip Lit. MBh.

  having handsome loins

  m. an elephant Lit. L.

  a cave , indentation Lit. L.

  m. Mons Veneris Lit. L.

  pungent , stimulating (as smell) , strong-scented , ill-smelling Lit. MBh. xiv Lit. Ragh. v , 48 Lit. R.

  bitter , caustic (as words) displeasing , disagreeable (as sounds)

  fierce , impetuous , hot , envious Lit. Ragh. vi , 85 Lit. Pañcat.

  m. ( [ us ] ) pungency , acerbity (as of a flavour) Lit. L. ; ( ( cf. Lith. (kartus) , " bitter " ) )

  Trichosanthes Dioeca Lit. Suśr.

  Michelia Campaka Lit. L.

  N. of several other plants Lit. L.

  a kind of camphor Lit. L.

  f ( [ us ] and [ vī ] ) . N. of several plants

  n. ( [ u ] ) an improper action , an act which ought not to have been done

  blaming , reviling , scandal Lit. W.

   garlic Lit. L.

   Hyperanthera Moringa Lit. L.

   the root of long pepper Lit. L.

   strong scent or smell Lit. Bhām.

   harshness , coarseness Lit. Hariv.

   Gentiana Cherayta Lit. L.

  कटुतिक्तका [ kaṭutiktakā ] [ kaṭu-tiktakā ] f. a kind of gourd Lit. L.

   white basil Lit. L.

  कटुपत्त्रिका [ kaṭupattrikā ] [ kaṭu-pattrikā ] f. N. of a plant Lit. L.

  कटुफला [ kaṭuphalā ] [ kaṭu-phalā ] f. Luffa Foetida Lit. Car.

   n. a species of plant.

   the root of long pepper ( cf. [ ūṣaṇa ] .)

  fierce , impetuous , hot , bad Lit. RV. x , 85 , 34 Lit. MBh. Lit. Kathās.

  m. N. of several plants Lit. L.

  N. of a man

  f ( [ ā ] , [ ī ] ) . N. of several plants Lit. L.

  n. pungency , acerbity Lit. MBh. ii

  (ifc. in a bad sense e.g. [ dadhi-kaṭuka ] m. bad coagulated milk Lit. Pāṇ. 6-2 , 126)

  n. N. of a plant Lit. L.

  an aggregate of three pungent substances (see [ -traya ] ) Lit. L.

  m. a Caṇḍāla.

 कट्फला [ kaṭphalā ] [ kaṭ-phalā ] f. N. of several plants.

  a sauce , condiment Comm. on Lit. Uṇ.

  mfn. despised Lit. L.

( ( cf. [ kiṭakiṭāya ] . ) )

  difficult Lit. Megh. Lit. Suśr. Lit. Pañcat.

  harsh , inflexible , cruel Lit. Kum. Lit. Amar.

  violent (as pain) Lit. Vikr.

 कठिना [ kaṭhinā ] [ kaṭhinā ] f. crystallized sugar , a sweetmeat made with refined sugar Lit. L.

  a species of betel Lit. L.

 कठिनी [ kaṭhinī ] [ kaṭhinī ] f. chalk Lit. Pañcat. Lit. Hit.

  n. an earthen vessel for cooking Lit. MBh. Lit. R.

  a strap or pole for carrying burdens Lit. Pāṇ. 4-4 , 72 ( cf. [ vaṃśa-kaṭhina ] )

  a shovel , scoop Lit. L.

  n. (also) a garment made in a day and offered to a monk as a present, Lit. Buddh.

   difficulty , obscurity Lit. W.

 कठिनिका [ kaṭhinikā ] [ kaṭhinikā ] f. chalk Lit. L.

  gravel ( cf. [ kaṭhalya ] .)

  Ocimum Sanctum Lit. L. ( cf. [ kaṭhiñjara ] )

  Boerhavia Diffusa Lit. L.

  sharp , piercing Lit. BhP. Lit. Pañcat.

  hard , severe , cruel , hard-hearted Lit. Pañcat. Lit. Sāh.

  full , complete , full-grown (as the moon) Comm. on Lit. Uṇ. Comm. on Lit. Śiś.

  luxuriant , rank Lit. Mṛicch.

   rigour , severity.

m. a pupil or follower of Kaṭha ( esp. pl.)

a Brāhman Lit. L.

कठी [ kaṭhī ] [ kaṭhī ]2 f. a female pupil or follower of Kaṭha Comm. on Lit. Pāṇ.

the wife of a Brāhman Lit. L.

   g. [ kārtakaujapādi ] Lit. Pāṇ. 6-2 , 37.

  ignorant , stupid Lit. L.

a kind of vessel Lit. L.

the stalk of a pot-herb Lit. L.

Convolvulus Repens Lit. Car.

कडम्बी [ kaḍambī ] [ kaḍambī ] f. id. Lit. L.

m. tawny (the colour) Lit. L.

a servant , slave Lit. L.

a sacrificial knife Lit. L.

  Lit. xi , 3 , 5 Lit. KātyŚr. Lit. Mn.

  a grain or particle (of dust) Lit. Ragh. i , 85 Lit. Vikr.

  flake (of snow) Lit. Amar.

  a drop (of water) Lit. Śak. 60 a Lit. Megh. Lit. BhP.

  a spark (of fire) Lit. Pañcat.

  the spark or facet of a gem

  any minute particle , atom Lit. Prab. Lit. Śāntiś.

 कणा [ kaṇā ] [ káṇā ] f. a minute particle , atom , drop

  long pepper Lit. Suśr.

  cummin seed Lit. L.

  a kind of fly (= [ kumbhīra-makṣikā ] ) Lit. L.

 कणी [ kaṇī ] [ káṇī ] f. = [ kaṇikā ] below Lit. L.

  n. a grain , single seed Lit. Kathās. ( cf. [ kaniṣṭha ] .)

   a goldsmith (= [ kalāda ] ) Lit. L.

  a drop , small particle Lit. VarBṛS.

  the meal of parched wheat , the heart of wheat Lit. L.

  an enemy Lit. L.

  a purificatory ceremony (= [ nīrājana ] q.v.) Lit. L.

  N. of a minister of king Dhṛita-rāshṭra Lit. MBh. i

 कणिका [ kaṇikā ] [ kaṇikā ] f. an ear of corn Comm. on Lit. BhP.

  a drop , atom , small particle Lit. Prab. Lit. Megh.

  a small spot Lit. Kād.

  the meal of parched wheat

  Premna Spinosa or Longifolia Lit. L.

  a kind of corn Lit. Pañcad.

 कणीका [ kaṇīkā ] [ kaṇīkā ] f. a grain , single seed Lit. MBh. xii.

  a creeper in flower

  Abrus Precatorius

  a cart Lit. L. ( cf. [ kanīci ] .)

  = [ kanīyas ] q.v.

कणेरा [ kaṇerā ] [ kaṇerā ] f. a she-elephant Lit. L.

a courtezan Lit. L.

  cf. [ kareṇu ] .

the boundary of a village Lit. L.

( ( cf. Gk. 1 2 3 ? ) )

  कण्टकारी [ kaṇṭakārī ] [ kaṇṭa-kārī ] f. Solanum Jacquini Lit. Suśr.

   Bombax Heptaphyllum Lit. L.

   Flacourtia Sapida Lit. L.

  कण्टकारिका [ kaṇṭakārikā ] [ kaṇṭa-kārikā ] f. Solanum Jacquini Lit. Suśr.

  कण्टफला [ kaṇṭaphalā ] [ kaṇṭa-phalā ] f. a sort of Cucurbita Lit. L.

   another species of Solanum Lit. L.

   a bamboo Lit. L.

  anything pointed , the point of a pin or needle , a prickle , sting Lit. R.

  a fish-bone Lit. R. iii , 76 , 10 Lit. Mn. viii , 95

  a finger-nail ( cf. [ karaka° ] ) Lit. Naish. i , 94

  the erection of the hair of the body in thrilling emotions ( cf. [ kaṇṭakita ] )

  unevenness or roughness (as on the surface of the tongue) Lit. Car.

  any troublesome seditious person (who is , as it were , a thorn to the state and an enemy of order and good government) , a paltry foe , enemy in general ( cf. [ kṣudra-śatru ] ) Lit. Mn. ix , 253 , Lit. BhP. Lit. R.

  a sharp stinging pain , symptom of disease Lit. Suśr.

  a vexing or injurious speech Lit. MBh. i , 3559

  any annoyance or source of vexation , obstacle , impediment Lit. R. Lit. Hit.

  the first , fourth , seventh , and tenth lunar mansions Lit. VarBṛS. and Lit. VarBṛ.

  a term in the Nyāya philosophy implying refutation of argument , detection of error Lit. L.

  a bamboo Lit. L.

  workshop , manufactory Lit. L.

  boundary of a village Lit. L.

  fault , defect Lit. L.

  N. of Makara (or the marine monster , the symbol of Kāma-deva) Lit. L.

  of the horse of Śākya-muni Lit. Lalit. ( wrong reading for [ kaṇṭhaka ] Lit. BRD.)

  of an Agrahāra Lit. Rājat.

  of a barber Lit. Hariv. (v.l. [ kaṇḍuka ] )

 कण्टकी [ kaṇṭakī ] [ káṇṭakī ] f. a species of Solanum Lit. Suśr.

   Bombax Heptaphyllum Lit. L.

   Ruellia Longifolia Lit. L.

   ( the term is applicable to any plant the fruit of which is invested with a hairy or thorny coat Lit. W. ; cf. [ kaṇṭaki-phala ] .)

   covered with erect hair.

   a porcupine Lit. W.

   a porcupine Lit. W.

   removing annoyances , extirpating thieves or rogues or any national and public nuisance Lit. Mn. ix , 252 Lit. R.

   produced from a fish Lit. W.

  covered with erect hairs , having the hair of the body erect Lit. Śak. 68 b Lit. Kum. Lit. Kād.

  vexatious , annoying

  m. N. of several plants (viz. Acacia Catechu ; Vanguiera Spinosa ; Ruellia Longifolia ; Zizyphus Jujuba ; bamboo) Lit. L.

  a fish Lit. L.

 कण्टकिनी [ kaṇṭakinī ] [ kaṇṭakinī ] f. Solanum Jacquini Lit. L.

  a kind of date-palm

  red amaranth Lit. L.

  N. of a mother in the retinue of Skanda Lit. MBh.

  m. N. of several plants (viz. Achyranthes Aspera ; Acacia Catechu ; Ruellia Longifolia ; a species of pea) Lit. L.

the voice ( cf. [ sanna-kaṇṭha ] ) Lit. MBh. Lit. BhP.

sound , especially guttural sound Lit. W.

the neck (of a pitcher or jar) , the narrowest part (e.g. of the womb ; of a hole in which sacrificial fire is deposited ; of a stalk ) Lit. Suśr. Lit. Hcat. Lit. Kathās.

immediate proximity Lit. Pañcat.

Vanguiera Spinosa Lit. L.

N. of a Maharshi Lit. R.

कण्ठी [ kaṇṭhī ] [ kaṇṭhī ] f. neck , throat Lit. L.

a rope or leather round the neck of a horse Lit. L.

a necklace , collar , ornament for the neck Lit. L.

   distinctly

   singly.

   the neck Lit. Prab. Lit. Bālar.

  कण्ठनाली [ kaṇṭhanālī ] [ kaṇṭhá-nālī ] f. throat , neck Lit. Prasannar.

   a kite Lit. W.

   an elephant's cheek Lit. L.

  कण्ठपीठी [ kaṇṭhapīṭhī ] [ kaṇṭhá-pīṭhī ] f. id. Lit. Prasannar.

   a dear or beloved object

   thyroid cartilage Lit. L. ( ( Lit. NBD. Nachtrag 2 ) ) .

   clinging to , embracing.

   being in or upon the throat

   guttural

   being in the mouth ready to be repeated by rote , learnt by heart and ready to be recited Lit. W.

   a shorter N. of the work called Sarasvatī-kaṇṭhābharaṇa ( cf. also [ kavika° ] )

  N. of the horse of Śākyamuni Lit. Lalit.

 कण्ठिका [ kaṇṭhikā ] [ kaṇṭhikā ] f. a necklace of one string or row Lit. L.

  ornament for the neck Lit. Kathās.

  an elephant in rut Lit. L.

  a pigeon Lit. L.

 कण्ठीरवी [ kaṇṭhīravī ] [ kaṇṭhī-ravī ] f. Gendarussa Vulgaris Lit. L.

  suitable to the throat Lit. Suśr.

  belonging to the throat , pronounced from the throat , guttural ( as sounds ; they are , according to the Prātiśākhyas , [ a ] , [ ā ] , [ h ] , and the Jihvāmūlīya ( or Visarjanīya ) ; according to the Comm. on Lit. Pāṇ. 1-1 , 9 , [ a ] , [ ā ] , [ k ] , [ kh ] , [ g ] , [ gh ] , [ ṅ ] and [ h ] ; according to Lit. Vop. also [ e ] )

  m. a guttural sound or letter Lit. PārGṛ.

  mfn. clear, evident, Lit. Jain.

a hoe , spade Lit. L.

war Lit. L.

Arum Campanulatum Lit. L.

a camel Lit. L.

a churning-vessel Lit. L.

कण्ठाला [ kaṇṭhālā ] [ kaṇṭhālā ] f. a churning-vessel Lit. L.

  mf ( [ ī ] ) . a churning-vessel Lit. L.

  a joint (= [ parvan ] ), Lit. L.

  that which is separated from the grain , chaff Lit. Suśr.

 कण्डनी [ kaṇḍanī ] [ kaṇḍanī ] f. a wooden bowl or mortar (in which the cleaning or threshing of grain is performed) Lit. Mn. iii , 68.

  a principal vessel of the body , a large artery , vein Lit. W.

  ( ( cf. [ kāṇḍa ] and [ kāṇḍikā ] . ) )

  m. N. of a Ṛishi Lit. VP. Lit. BhP.

  f. an itching or ardent desire, Lit. Śiś.

  itching Lit. Suśr.

  m. Momordica Charantia Lit. L.

  a species of reed Lit. L.

 कण्डुरा [ kaṇḍurā ] [ kaṇḍurā ] f. Mucuna Pruritus Lit. L.

  m. a species of creeper Lit. L.

  scratching , Lit. Śāntiś. ( cf. [ sa-kaṇḍūka ] .)

   white mustard Lit. L.

  itching , the itch Lit. BhP. Lit. Sāh.

  (fig.) sexual desire (of women) Lit. Rājat.

  N. of one of the mothers in the retinue of Skanda Lit. MBh. ix.

  itching , the itch Lit. KātyŚr. Lit. Suśr. Lit. Ragh.

 कण्डूयनी [ kaṇḍūyanī ] [ kaṇḍūyanī ] f. a brush for scraping or rubbing Lit. KātyŚr.

 कण्डूरा [ kaṇḍūrā ] [ kaṇḍūrā ] f. Mucuna Pruritus Lit. L.

 कण्डूला [ kaṇḍūlā ] [ kaṇḍūlā ] f. Amorphophallus Campanulatus Lit. L.

a safe , any place in which provisions are kept Lit. W.

a camel ( cf. [ kaṇṭhāla ] ) Lit. L.

कण्डोली [ kaṇḍolī ] [ kaṇḍolī ] f. the lute of a Caṇḍāla ( cf. [ kaṭola ] , [ gaṇḍola ] ) Lit. L.

m. pl. the family or descendants of Kaṇva Lit. ib. ( besides the celebrated Ṛishi there occur a Káṇva Nārshadá Lit. AV. iv , 19 , 2 KáṇvaŚrāyasa Lit. TS. v , 4 , 7 , 5 Lit. KaṇvaKāśyapa Lit. MBh. Lit. Śak. ; the founder of a Vedic school ; several princes and founders of dynasties ; several authors)

m. a peculiar class of evil spirits (against whom the hymn Lit. AV. ii , 25 is used as a charm) Lit. AV. ii , 25 , 3 ; 4 ; 5

mfn. deaf Lit. KātyŚr. x , 2 , 35

praising , a praiser Lit. L.

one who is to be praised Lit. T.

n. sin , evil Comm. on Lit. Uṇ.

   united with the praisers or with the Kaṇvas (as Indra Lit. Sāy.) Lit. RV. viii , 2 , 22.

N. of a Ṛishi Lit. Pāṇ.

  N. of a commentator on the Rāmāyaṇa.

it is often a mere strengthened substitute for [ ka ] , the superlative affix imparting emphasis

hence it may occasionally be used for " who or which of two? " (e.g. [ tayoḥ katamasmai ] , to which of these two?)

it may optionally be compounded with the word to which it refers (e.g. [ katamaḥ kaṭhaḥ ] , or [ katama-kaṭhaḥ ] , which Kaṭha out of many?)

when followed by [ ca ] and preceded [ yatama ] an indefinite expression is formed equivalent to " any whosoever " , " any whatsoever " , (e.g. [ yatamad eva katamac ca vidyāt ] he may know anything whatsoever) . In negative sentences [ katama ] with [ cana ] or [ katama ] with [ api ] = not even one , none at all (e.g. [ na katamaccanāhaḥ ] , not even on a single day , on no day at all)

in addition to the above uses [ katama ] is said to mean " best " , " excessively good-looking " ( cf. 3. [ ka ] ) Lit. RV.

  in negative sentences [ katara ] with [ cana ] = neither of the two (e.g. [ na kataraś-cana jigye ] ) , neither of the two was conquered Lit. RV. ; ( ( cf. Zd. (katāra) ; Gk. 1 , 2 ; Goth. (hvathar) ; Eng. (whether) ; Lat. (uter) ; Old Germ. (huedar) ; Slav. (kotoryi) . ) )

  it may be used as an adverb with [ cid ] in the sense of " oftentimes " , " much " , " in many ways " (e.g. [ katicit stutaḥ ] , much or often praised) Lit. RV. ; ( ( cf. Zd. (caiti) ; Gk. 1 ; Lat. (quot) ; cf. Sk. [ tati ] and Lat. (tot) . ) )

  bought for how much? Lit. Pat.

  with [ cid ] , the so-maniest Lit. RV. x , 61 , 18 ( = [ katipayānāṃ pūraṇaḥ ] Lit. Sāy.)

  to such and such a point

  ( ( cf. Gk. 1 ; Lat. (quotus) . ) )

  with [ cid ] , everywhere Lit. RV. i , 31 , 2.

  a certain number , so many (e.g. [ katipayenāhar-gaṇena ] , after some days ; also [ katipayair ahobhiḥ ] , [ katipayāhasya ] , ) Lit. ŚBr.

  n. a little , some (at the end of Tatpurusha compounds , e.g. [ udaśvit-katipayam ] , a little Udaśvit) Lit. Pāṇ. 2-1 , 65

 कतिपयेन [ katipayena ] [ katipayena ] ind. with some exertion , with difficulty , narrowly Lit. Pāṇ. 2-3 , 33.

 कतिपयात् [ katipayāt ] [ katipayāt ] ind. with some exertion , with difficulty , narrowly Lit. Pāṇ. 2-3 , 33.

( incorrect for [ khatamāla ] Lit. BRD. ; cf. [ kacamāla ] , [ karamāla ] .)

  n. the act of boasting Lit. MBh. Lit. R. Lit. Suśr.

 कत्थना [ katthanā ] [ katthanā ] f. id. Comm. on Lit. Bhaṭṭ.

(= [ sukha-payas ] Lit. Nir. vi , 3 ; and accordingly = [ sukha-karaṃ payo yasya ] Lit. Sāy.) ( 246,3 )

  m. a narrator , relater , one who recites a story (or who publicly reads and expounds the Purāṇas ) , one who speaks or tells , a professional story-teller Lit. MBh. Lit. Kathās.

  the speaker of a prologue or monologue , chief actor Lit. L.

  N. of a man

  of a being in the retinue of Skanda.

  n. the act of telling , narration , relating , informing Lit. Suśr. Lit. Bhartṛ. Lit. Pañcat.

  to be called or named Lit. Śrutab.

  to be communicated Lit. Śak. 233 , 4.

  talk , mention

  ( [ kā kathā ] ( with gen. or more commonly with loc. and sometimes with [ prati ] ) , what should one say of? how should one speak of? e.g. [ eko 'pi kṛcchrād varteta bhūyasāṃ tu kathaiva kā ] , even one person would live with difficulty , what should one say of many? i.e. how much more many? Lit. Kathās. iv , 123 ; [ kā kathā bāṇa-saṃdhāne ] , what mention of fitting the arrow? i.e. what necessity for fitting the arrow? Lit. Śak. 53 a)

  story , tale , fable Lit. MBh. Lit. R. Lit. Hit.

  a feigned story , tale (as one , of the species of poetical composition) Lit. Sāh. 567 Lit. Kāvyâd.

  Story (personified) Lit. Kathās.

  (in log.) discussion , disputation Lit. Sarvad.

   course of conversation Lit. Naish. Lit. Hit.

  कथाप्रसङ्गेन [ kathāprasaṅgena ] [ kathā-prasaṅgena ] ind. on the occasion of a conversation , in the course of conversation Lit. Kathās. Comm. on Lit. Kāvyâd.

  कथाप्रसङ्गात् [ kathāprasaṅgāt ] [ kathā-prasaṅgāt ] ind. on the occasion of a conversation , in the course of conversation Lit. Kathās. Comm. on Lit. Kāvyâd.

   mfn. talkative , talking much , half-witted Lit. L.

   a conjurer , dealer in antidotes

   a professed story-teller Lit. L.

   mfn. one of whom nothing but the narrative is left i.e. deceased , dead Lit. BhP. xii , 2 , 44

   N. of the second Lambaka or book of the Kathā-sarit-sāgara.

   mfn. one of whom nothing remains but his life-story i.e. deceased , dead

   (in dram.) the opening of a drama by the character that first enters overhearing and repeating the last words of the Sūtradhāra or manager ( cf. [ udghātyaka ] ) Lit. Sāh. 290 Lit. Daśar.

  n. conversation , discourse Lit. MBh. Lit. Śak.

  narration , tale Lit. Ragh. xi , 10.

  to be related Lit. Daś.

sometimes [ katham ] merely introduces an interrogation (e.g. [ katham ātmānaṃ nivedayāmi kathaṃ vātmāpahāraṃ karomi ] , shall I declare myself or shall I withdraw?) [ katham ] is often found in connection with the particles [ iva ] , [ nāma ] , [ nu ] , [ svid ] , which appear to generalize the interrogation (how possibly? how indeed? )

with [ nu ] it is sometimes = [ kimu ] , or [ kutas ] (e.g. [ katkaṃ nu ] , how much more! [ na kathaṃ nu ] , how much less!) [ katham ] is often connected , like [ kim ] , with the particles [ cana ] , [ cid ] , and [ api ] , which give an indefinite sense to the interrogative (e.g. [ kathaṃ cana ] , in any way , some how ; scarcely , with difficulty ; [ na kathaṃ cana ] , in no way at all ; [ kathaṃcit ] , some how or other , by some means or other , in any way , with some difficulty , scarcely , in a moderate degree , a little ; [ na kathaṃcit ] , not at all , in no way whatever ; [ na kathaṃcid na ] , in no way not i.e. most decidedly ; [ yathā kathaṃcit ] , in any way whatsoever ; [ kathaṃcid yadi jīvati ] , it is with difficulty that he lives ; [ katham api ] , some how or other , with some difficulty , scarcely a little ; [ katham api na ] , by no means , not at all) Lit. RV.

according to lexicographers [ katham ] is a particle implying amazement

surprise

pleasure

abuse.

  ( [ yathā́ kathā́ ca ] , in any way whatsoever Lit. ŚBr. iv)

  sometimes merely a particle of interrogation (e.g. [ kathā́ śṛṇoti ] .. [ í ndraḥ ] , does Indra hear? Lit. RV. iv , 23 , 3 ; [ kathā́-kathā́ ] , whether-or? Lit. TS. ii , 6 , 1 , 7) .